What Is Computer Algorithm ?

What Is an Algorithm?

Consider how you use a computer in a typical day. For example, you start working on a report, and once you have completed a paragraph, you perform a spell check. You open up a spreadsheet application to do some financial projections to see if you can afford a new car loan. You use a web browser to search online for a kind of car you want to buy.

You may not think about this very consciously, but all of these operations performed by your computer consist of algorithms. An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. Another way to describe an algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. The use of the term 'unambiguous' indicates that there is no room for subjective interpretation. Every time you ask your computer to carry out the same algorithm, it will do it in exactly the same manner with the exact same result.

Consider the earlier examples again. Spell checking uses algorithms. Financial calculations use algorithms. A search engine uses algorithms. In fact, it is difficult to think of a task performed by your computer that does not use algorithms.

How Do Algorithms Work?

Let's take a closer look at an example.

A very simple example of an algorithm would be to find the largest number in an unsorted list of numbers. If you were given a list of five different numbers, you would have this figured out in no time, no computer needed. Now, how about five million different numbers? Clearly, you are going to need a computer to do this, and a computer needs an algorithm.

Below is what the algorithm could look like. Let's say the input consists of a list of numbers, and this list is called L. The number L1 would be the first number in the list, L2 the second number, etc. And we know the list is not sorted - otherwise, the answer would be really easy. So, the input to the algorithm is a list of numbers, and the output should be the largest number in the list.

My Youtube Channel Link Click Here

Installing Software On Your Windows PC

Your computer allows you to do some really amazing things. Digital photo editing, sophisticated computer gaming, video streaming—all of these things are possible because of different types of software. Developers are always creating new software applications, which allow you to do even more with your computer.

Installing software from the Web

       Software download  Click Here

Basic Fundamentals Of Computer

Basic Fundamentals Of Computer

Dear Aspirant,
Today we are covering the study material on Computer Fundamentals, that will help you succeed in the upcoming exam. 

Computer 
A computer is a truly amazing machine that performs a species sequence of operations as per the set of instructions (known as programs) given on a set of data (input) to generate desired information (output). A complete computer system consists of four parts:

Hardware 
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer. Software: Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes (Programs) that make the computer perform tasks. User: The computer operators are known as users. Data: Consists of raw facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of numbers.
The following features characterize this electronic machine:
Speed Accuracy Storage and Retrieval Repeated Processing Capabilities Reliability Flexibility Low cost 
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.
Input -Input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the input data could be recorded on any one of several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes and so on. Processing - In this step input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For example, paychecks may be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month may be calculated from the sales orders. Output - The result of the proceeding processing step are collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For

Language Processors

Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine language. Interpreter: This language processor converts High-Level Language program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line. Compiler:-It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers.

Software

Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run.

This type of software is tailor-made software according to a user’s requirements. Analog computers

Analog computers always take input in form of signals.

The input data is not a number infect a physical quantity like temp., pressure, speed, velocity. Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V). Accuracy 1% Approximately. Example: Speedometer.

Digital Computers

These computers take the input in the form of digits & alphabets & converted it into binary format. Digital computers are high speed, programmable electronic devices. Signals are two level of (0 for low/off 1 for high/on). Accuracy unlimited. Examples: Computer used for the purpose of business and education is also an example of digital computers.

Hybrid Computer

The combination of features of an analog and digital computer is called a Hybrid computer. The main examples are central national defense and passenger light radar system. They are also used to control robots.

Super Computer

The biggest in size. Most Expensive It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. Used by Govt. for different calculations and heavy jobs. Supercomputers are used for the heavy stuff like weather maps, construction of atom bombs, earthquake prediction etc.

Mainframes

It can also process millions of instruction per second. It can handle processing of many users at a time. Less expensive than Supercomputer It is commonly used in Hospitals, Air Reservation Companies as it can retrieve data on a huge basis. This is normally too expensive and out of reach from a salary-based person. It can cost up to thousands of Dollars, colleges etc. 

These computers are cheaper than above two. Its an intermediary between microcomputer and mainframe.

Micro Computer/Personal Computer

It is mostly preferred by Home Users. Cost is less compared to above. Small in size. A microcomputer contains a central processing unit on a microchip in the form of read-only memory and random access memory, and a housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard.

Notebook Computers

Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to t easily in a briefcase. The principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Many notebook display screens are limited to VGA resolution.

Programming Languages

There are two major types of programming languages:-

These are Low-Level Languages and High-Level Languages. Low-Level languages are further divided into Machine language and Assembly language. 

Low-Level Languages: The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low-level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration. Machine Language: Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not need any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1's (one) and 0’s (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it into electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program instruction may look like this:  1011000111101 It is not an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is ancient for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the est generation language. Advantage:

is required for the CPU.

Disadvantages

It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write a program. The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in program errors. It is difficult to debug the program.

Assembly Language It is the est step to improve the programming structure. You should know that computer can handle numbers and letter. Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute for a number of machine codes. The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is called `Assembler'. It is considered to be a second generation language. 

Advantages:

The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer. It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions. Assembly Language has the same leniency of execution as the machine level language. Because this is a one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its corresponding machine language program.

Disadvantages:

Assembly language is machine dependent. A program written for one computer might not run on other computers with different hardware configuration.

PLEASE FOLLOW ME GOOGLE 

MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL IS COOMING SOON...........

दोस्तों अगर आपको हमारा ये पोस्ट अच्छा लगे तो हमें फॉलो कीजिये हम यूट्यूब चैनल पर भी काम कर रहे हैं 

हमारा यूट्यूब चैनल बहुत जल्द आ रहा \

धन्यवाद।  

History Of Computer Processor

1823	Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of processors.
1903	Nikola Tesla patented electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches" in 1903.
1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
1948	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor in 1948.
1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
1958	The first integrated circuit was first developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958.
1960	IBM developed the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York in 1960.
1968	Intel Corporation was founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore in 1968.
1969	Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) was founded on May 1, 1969.
1971	Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduced the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
1972	Intel introduced the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.
1974	Intel's improved microprocessor chip was introduced on April 1, 1974; the 8080 became a standard in the computer industry.
1976	Intel introduced the 8085 processor in March 1976.
1976	The Intel 8086 was introduced on June 8, 1976.
1979	The Intel 8088 was released on June 1, 1979.
1979	The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor was released and was later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982	The Intel 80286 was introduced on February 1, 1982.
1985	Intel introduced the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987	The SPARC processor was first introduced by Sun.
1988	Intel 80386SX was introduced in 1988.
1991	AMD introduced the AM386 microprocessor family in March 1991.
1991	Intel introduced the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to the PC market selling for $258.00.
1992	Intel released the 486DX2 chip on March 2, 1992, with a clock doubling ability that generates higher operating speeds.
1993	Intel released the Pentium processor on March 22, 1993. The processor was a 60 MHzprocessor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994	Intel released the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995	Intel introduced the Intel Pentium Pro in November 1995.
1996	Intel announced the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60 MHz bus and 166 MHz with 66 MHz bus on January 4, 1996.
1996	AMD introduced the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 was the first processor developed completely in-house by AMD.
1997	AMD released their K6 processor line in April 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz and a 66 MHz bus speed.
1997	Intel Pentium II was introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998	AMD introduced their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to 550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor was an enhanced version of AMD's K6 processor.
1998	Intel released the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512K or 1M Cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June 1998.
1999	Intel released the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
1999	AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz was released on February 26, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz was released on May 17, 1999.
1999	AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be produced for the next six years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz was released on August 2, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz was released on September 27, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series was first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000	On January 5, 2000, AMD released the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000	Intel released the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4, 2000.
2000	AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7 architecture as the Athlon processor.
2000	Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
2001	On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus.
2001	On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
2001	AMD announced a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of 1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc. Each higher model number will represent a higher clock speed.
2002	Intel released the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003	Intel Pentium M was introduced in March 2003.
2003	AMD released the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
2003	AMD released the first Athlon 64 processors, the 3200+, and the first Athlon 64 FX processor, the FX-51, on September 23, 2003.
2004	AMD released the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed.
2005	AMD released their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache per core), on April 21, 2005.
2006	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2006.
2006	Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on July 27, 2006.
2006	Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2 Duoprocessor T5500, as well as other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August 2006.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2M Cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on January 21, 2007.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6700 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in April 2007.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2M Cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2007.
2007	AMD renamed the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to just Athlon X2 and released the first in that line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512 KB L2 Cache) on June 1, 2007.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2M Cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on July 22, 2007.
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4600 (2M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on October 21, 2007.
2007	AMD released the first Phenom X4 processors (2M Cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on November 19, 2007.
2008	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 and the Core 2 Quad processor Q9450 in March 2008.
2008	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4700 (2M Cache, 2.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on March 2, 2008.
2008	AMD released the first Phenom X3 processors (2M Cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on March 27, 2008.
2008	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3M Cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 20, 2008.
2008	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7300 (3M Cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on August 10, 2008.
2008	Intel released several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200, the Q9400, and the Q9650.
2008	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7400 (3M Cache, 2.80 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on October 19, 2008.
2008	Intel released the first Core i7 Desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920, the i7-940, and the i7-965 Extreme Edition.
2009	AMD released the first Phenom II X4 (quad-core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
2009	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7500 (3M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on January 18, 2009.
2009	AMD released the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.
2009	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q8400 (4M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in April 2009.
2009	Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on May 31, 2009.
2009	AMD released the first Athlon II X2 (dual-core) processors (1024KB L2 Cache, 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
2009	AMD released the first Phenom II X2 (dual-core) processors (6M Cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
2009	AMD released the first Athlon II X4 (quad-core) processors (512 KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.1 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
2009	Intel released the first Core i5 Desktop processor with four cores, the i5-750 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009.
2009	AMD released the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors in October 2009.
2010	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9500 (6M Cache, 2.83 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010.
2010	Intel released the first Core i5 Mobile processors, the i5-430M and the i5-520E in January 2010.
2010	Intel released the first Core i5 Desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 in January 2010.
2010	Intel released the first Core i3 Desktop processors, the i3-530, and i3-540 on January 7, 2010.
2010	Intel released the first Core i3 Mobile processors, the i3-330M (3M Cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and the i3-350M, on January 7, 2010.
2010	AMD released the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors on April 27, 2010.
2011	Intel released seven new Core i5 processors with four cores, the i5-2xxx series in January 2011.
2011	AMD released the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M and the A4-3310MX on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD released the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M and the A6-3410MX on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD released the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M, the A8-3510MX, and the A8-3530MX on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD released the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4M L2 Cache, 2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011	AMD released the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4M L2 Cache, 2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011	AMD released the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 and the A4-3400 on September 7, 2011.
2012	AMD released the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 and the A10-5800K on October 1, 2012.